Yi I / 이이 (Scholar, Philosopher)

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Yi I / 이이 (Scholar-Politician)



Yi I (26 Aralik 1536-1584) Joseon Hanedani'nin en önde gelen iki Koreli Konfüçyüsçü bilgininden biridir, digeri de kendisinden büyük olan çagdasi Yi Hwang (Toegye)'dir. Yi I siklikla takma adi olan Yulgok ("Kestane Vadisi") diye anilirdi. Yalnizca bir bilgin olarak degil, ayni zamanda saygi duyulan bir devlet adami ve devrimci olarak da bilinirdi.

Yasami

Yi I, 1536'da Gangwon Eyaleti'ndeki Gangneung'da dogdu. Babasi Dördüncü Eyalet Meclis Üyesi idi (Jwachanseong 좌찬성) ve annesi Shin Saimdang basarili bir sanatçi ve hattatti. Yedi yasindayken Konfüçyüs eserlerinden olan derslerini bitirdigi ve 13 yasindayken Devlet Hizmeti edebiyat sinavini geçtigi söylenmektedir. Yi I, 16 yasindayken annesinin ölümünden sonra Kumgang-san'da kendini eve kapatti ve 3 yil boyunca Budizm ögrenerek burada kaldi. 20 yasindayken daglardan ayrildi ve kendini Konfüçyanizm çalismalarina adadi.

22'sindeyken evlendi, ertesi yil Dosan'a Yi Hwang'i ziyaret etmeye gitti. Tarih bilgisini ve Konfüçyüsçü siyaset felsefesini açiga çikardigi ve Taoizm'in derin bilgilerini de yansittigi edebi bir basyapit olarak yaygin bir sekilde kabul edilen Cheondochaek (Hangul: 천도책, Hanja: 天道策, "Cennetin Yolu Üzerine Kitap") adli kazandiran tez basligina sahip en üstün basariyla özel yetenek sinavlarini geçti. Resmi sinavlarda 9 kez üst üste devamli bir sekilde üstün basariyla kabul edildi. 26 yasindayken babasi vefat etti. 29 yasindan itibaren hükümette çesitli konumlarda görev yapti ve 1569'de seojangwam (Hangul:서장관, Hanja:書狀官, evrak memuru) olarak Ming Hanedanligi'ni ziyaret etti. Ayrica Myeongjong Tarihsel Olaylari'nin yazilmasina katildi ve 34'ünde, hakli bir hükümete ulasilabilinecegine olan inancini aydinliga kavusturmaya adanmis on bir maddelik bir siyasi bildiri olan Dongho Mundap'i yazdi.

Yillar boyunca farkli görevlerdeki engin deneyimleri nedeniyle, Yi I genis bir siyasi görüs kazanmayi basardi ve kralin derin güveniyle, siyasetin önde gelen sahsiyetlerinde biri haline geldi, o zamanlar 40 yasindaydi. Birçok belgesi ve tezi kraliyet sarayina sunuldu, ancak 1576'da siyasi çatismalar arttiginda, çabalari sonuçsuz kaldi ve eve geri döndü. Dönüsünden sonra, zamanini çalismalarina ve ögrencilerinin egitimine ayirdi ve birkaç kitap yazdi.

45'indeyken görevine geri döndü ve çesitli bakanlik makamlarinda görev yaparken, önemli siyasi olaylarin kaydedildigi birçok makale yayimladi ve o zamanlar her yere yayilmis olan siyasi çatismalari yatistirma çabalarini gösterdi. Ancak, Kral Seonjo tavirlarinda çekimserdi ve bu Yi I'nin çatismalarda tarafsiz bir görüs sürdürmesini zorlastirdi. 1583'te görevden ayrildi ve ertesi yil vefat etti.

Efsaneye göre, yasami boyunca onun Imjin Nehri'nin sig kisminin yakinina yapilmis olan bir köskü vardi ve kral yol gösteren bir isaret vermek için Seoul'dan kuzeye kaçmak zorunda kaldiginda burayi atese vererek mirasçilarini bilgilendirdi. Bu, Im Jin Yili'nin (1592) Japon istilasinda Hideyoshi'nin Kore saldirilari sirasinda gerçeklesmistir.

Ögretileri

Yi I yalnizca bir düsünür olarak degil, ayni zamanda toplumsal bir devrimci olarak da bilinirdi. O, Yi Hwang'in takip ettigi ikicilikçi Yeni Konfüçyüsçülük ögretilerini tam olarak kabul etmedi. Onun Yeni Konfüçyüsçülük okulu gizli ruhsal bir sezgi yerine, daha somut, maddi unsurlar üzerinde durmaya odaklanmistir, bu gerçekçi ve faydaci yaklasim disaridan gelen deneyim ve ögrenmenin degerini bilir. Kargasali zamanlar boyunca aci çeken ve siyasetçi olmanin tadini çikaramayan Yi Hwang'in aksine, Yi I, Konfüçyüsçü degerlerin ve devlet yönetiminin ilkelerin yerine getirilmesinin önemli oldugunu düsünen çaliskan bir memurdu. Dogru dürüst yönetimin temeli olan agirbasli bilimlerin ve kendini yetistirmenin önemini vurguladi.

Yi I, ayni zamanda ulusal güvenlikle ilgili sag duyusuyla da taninmisti. Japonlarin olasi bir saldirisina karsi tasari hazirlamak ve orduyu güçlendirmek için önerildi. Tasarisi merkezi hükümet tarafindan reddedildi, Imjin Savasi sirasinda, ölümünden kisa bir süre sonra endisesinin saglam bir temele dayandigi tespit edildi.

Seçkin çalismalari

Yi I'nin yayimlanmis yazilari, 6 dilde 276 yayinda ve 2,236 kütüphane dolduracak kadar olan 193 çalismayi kapsar.

Bu, bütünlük için gerekli olan ölçütleri asla yerine getiremeyen tamamlanmamis bir listedir.

*Dogu Gölü'nde Sorular ve Cevaplar (Hangul: 동호문답, Hanja: 東湖問答)-Siyasi devrimle ilgili on bir makale.
*On Bin Kelimelik Bildiri (Hangul: 만언봉사, Hanja: 萬言封事)-Konfüçyüsçü ögrenme, kendini yetistirme ve devlet yönetimine basvuru önerileri.
*Bilgelerin Çalisma Esaslari (Hangul: 성학집요, Hanja: 聖學輯要)-Konfüçyüsçü ahlak kurallari, kendini yetistirme ve devletçiligin esaslari.
*Bilgisizligi Kovmanin Sirri (Hangul: 격몽요결, Hanja: 擊蒙要訣)-Ögrenmenin yöntemli rehberi.
*Tahta Çikmadan Önceki Derslerin Günlük Kayitlari (Hangul: 경연일기, Hanja: 經筵日記)-Siyasi olgu ve olaylarin sicili.
*Yulgok'un Tamamlanmis Çalismasi (Hangul: 율곡전서, Hanja: 栗谷全書) ölümünden sonra miras biraktigi yazilardan derlenmistir.

Çagdas kültürde



Seoul'un merkezindeki bir cadde olan Yulgongno ondan sonra adlandirilmistir ve 5,000 wonluk Güney Kore banknotunun üzerine resmedilmistir. Yul-Gok'tan örnek alinan Taekwondo da ayrica onun onuruna isimlendirilmistir. Güney Kore askeriyesi için bir yenilestirme tasarisi olan "Yulgok Tasarisi" da ondan sonra isimlendirilmistir.

Çeviri: S.T.

English

Yi I (December 26, 1536–1584) was one of the two most prominent Korean Confucian scholars of the Joseon Dynasty, the other being his older contemporary, Yi Hwang (Toegye). Yi I is often referred to by his pen name Yulgok ("Chestnut valley"). He is not only known as a scholar but also as a revered politician and reformer.

Life

Yi I was born in Gangneung, Gangwon Province in 1536. His father was a Fourth State Councillor (Jwachanseong 좌찬성) and his mother, Shin Saimdang, the accomplished artist and calligraphist. It is said that by the age of seven he had finished his lessons in the Confucian classics, and passed the Civil Service literary examination at the age of 13. Yi I secluded himself in Kumgang-san following his mother's death when he was 16 and stayed for 3 years, studying Buddhism. He left the mountains at 20 and devoted himself to the study of Confucianism.

He married at 22, went to visit Yi Hwang at Dosan the following year. He passed special exams with top honors with a winning thesis titled Cheondochaek (Hangul:천도책, Hanja: 天道策, "Book on the Way of Heaven"), which was widely regarded as a literary masterpiece, displaying his knowledge of history and the Confucian philosophy of politics, and also reflecting his profound knowledge of Taoism. He continuously received top honors on civil exams for a consecutive 9 times. His father died when he was 26. He served in various positions in government from the age of 29, and visited the Ming Dynasty as seojangwan (Hangul:서장관, Hanja:書狀官, document officer) in 1568. He also participated in the writing of the Myeongjong Annals and at 34, authored Dongho Mundap, an eleven-article political memorial devoted to clarifying his conviction that a righteous government could be achieved.

Due to his vast experience in different offices over the years, Yi I was able to garner a wide vision of politics and with the deep trust of the king, became one of the central figures of politics by the time he was 40. His many documents and theses were presented to the royal court but when political conflicts escalated in 1576, his efforts proved fruitless and he returned home. Following his return, he devoted his time to studies and education of his disciples and authored several books.

He returned to office at 45 and while holding various minister positions, produced many writings which recorded crucial political events and showed his efforts to ease the political conflicts that were rampant at that time. However, King Seonjo was noncommittal in his attitude and it became difficult for Yi I to remain in a neutral position in the conflicts. He left office in 1583 and died the following year.

According to legend, he had a pavilion built near the ford of the Imjin River in his lifetime and instructed his heirs to set it ablaze when the king had to flee northward from Seoul, to provide a guiding beacon. This took place during Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea at the Japanese invasion of Im Jin Year (1592).

Teachings

Yi I was not only known as a philosopher but also as a social reformer. He did not completely agree with the dualistic Neo-Confucianism teachings followed by Yi Hwang. His school of Neo-Confucianism placed emphasis on the more concrete, material elements; rather than inner spiritual perception, this practical and pragmatic approach valued external experience and learning. Unlike Yi Hwang, who suffered through tumultuous times and did not enjoy being in politics, Yi I was an active official who thought it important to implement Confucian values and principles to government administration. He emphasized sage learning and self-cultivation as the base of proper administration.

Yi I is also well-known for his foresight about national security. He proposed to draft and reinforce the army against a possible Japanese attack. His proposal was rejected by the central government, his worry was found to be well-founded soon after his death, during the Imjin war.

Selected works

Yi I's published writings encompass 193 works in 276 publications in 6 languages and 2,236 library holdings.

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness.

*Questions and Answers at East Lake (Hangul: 동호문답, Hanja: 東湖問答)-Eleven articles about political reform.
*Memorial in Ten Thousand Words (Hangul: 만언봉사, Hanja: 萬言封事)- Suggestions about Confucian learning, self-cultivation, and application to government administration.
*The Essentials of the Studies of the Sages (Hangul: 성학집요, Hanja: 聖學輯要)-Fundamentals of Confucian ethics, self-cultivation and statecraft.
*The Secret of Expelling Ignorance (Hangul: 격몽요결, Hanja: 擊蒙要訣)-Systematic guide of learning.
*Daily Records of Lectures before the Throne (Hangul: 경연일기, Hanja: 經筵日記)-Record of political events and happenings.
*The Complete Works of Yulgok (Hangul: 율곡전서, Hanja: 栗谷全書) was compiled after his death on the basis of the writings he bequeathed.

In modern culture



Yulgongno, a street in central Seoul, is named after him, and he is depicted on the South Korean 5,000 won note. The Taekwondo pattern Yul-Gok was also named in his honor. The "Yulgok Project", a modernization project for the South Korean military, is named after him as well.

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