02-12-2015, Saat: 16:36
North-South Team Uncovers Possibly Momentous Relic
Kuzey-Güney Ekibi Büyük Olasılıkla Çok Önemli Kalıntıları Keşfetti
![[Resim: ab9d3576_orginal.jpg]](http://www.hizliresimyukle.net/u/76/35/ab9d3576_orginal.jpg)
Kaesong yerinde keşfedilen en eski hareketli harfler ne olabilir?
Güney ve Kuzey Koreli arkeologlar, bugün Kaesong kazı bölgesinin Kuzey Kore tarafında Goryeo Hanedanlığı'nın (918-1392) kraliyet sarayının yerinde belki 1361 yılı öncesinde yapılan hareketli bir metal harf keşfetti.
Eğer bu harf gerçekten bu döneme ait ise, Gutenberg'in Kutsal Kitabı'nın -Batı Avrupa'da hareketli matbaa kullanılarak basılan ilk kitap- bir asırdan fazla öncesine tekabül ediyor. Gutenberg Kutsal Kitabı 1455 yılında basıldı.
Bu, Kore Yarımadası'nda bulunan Goryeo dönemine ait metal harflerin üçüncü örneği oldu.
Hareketli matbaa harflerinin 1200'lü yılların başlarında Kore'de kullanıldığını bildiren tarihi kayıtlar olmasına rağmen, Goryeo dönemden kalma hareketli harflerden sadece iki adet vardır, biri Kuzey Kore'de Pyongyang Chosun Merkez Tarihi Müzesi'nde ve diğeri de Güney Kore'de Seoul Ulusal Müzesi'ndedir.
Ve günümüze kadar gelen 1377 yılında Kore'de hacimli ve hareketli metal harf kullanarak basılmış en eski günümüze kadar gelmiş olan Zen Budizmi'nin esaslarını içeren "Jikji Simche Yojeol" adlı kitap varken, kitabı basmak için kullanılan harfler bulunamamıştır.
Inter-Kore Tarihçi Derneği pazartesi günü Kaesong Kraliyet Sarayı - Manwoldae olarak bilinir - yerinde yapılan kazı çalışmalarının sonucunu açıkladı ve 14 kasım tarihinde hareketli harflerin bulduğunu söyledi.
Dernek başkanı Choe Kwang-shik gazetecilere verdiği demeçte, "Uzmanlar tarafından yapılan incelemelere göre, hareketli harflerin gerçekten Goryeo dönemine ait olduğuna inanıyoruz. Ve Manwoldae'nin 1361 yılında yok olduğu düşünülürse, bu parçaların o yıllardan öncesine ait olma ihtimalinin yüksek olduğunu düşünüyoruz." dedi.
Dernek, hareketli harfleri daha önce bulunan harfler ile karşılaştırdıklarında, sofistike bir kaligrafi tarzı ve gelişmiş döküm teknolojisi görüldüğünü - 1.36 santimetre (0.54 inç) genişliğinde 1.3 santimetre uzunluğunda ve 0,6 santimetre kalınlığında - sözlerine ekledi.
Buna dayanarak, Koreli bilim adamları Manwoldae'da bulunan hareketli harflerin büyük olasılıkla Goryeo Hanedanlığı'nın kraliyet mahkemesi tarafından başlatılan bir projenin parçası olduğuna inanıyorlar. Öte yandan "Jikji Simche Yojeol" kitabının basılmasına, Budist yönetimi önderlik etti.
![[Resim: ab9d6794_orginal.jpg]](http://www.hizliresimyukle.net/u/94/67/ab9d6794_orginal.jpg)
Dernek ayrıca, kazı sırasında bulunan harfin tek parça olduğunu vurguladı.
Daha önce bulunan harflerden biri, Pyongyang, 1950-1953 Kore Savaşı sırasında hasar gören Manwoldae'yı restore ederken 1956 yılında kuzey tarafında tesadüfen bulundu. Diğeri ise Seoul'de Joseon Hanedanlığı'nın (1392-1910) son torunları tarafından Japon bir antika satıcısından satın alındığı düşünülüyor.
Ama bazıları, bunların Goryeo Hanedanlığı'ndan geldiği sonucuna varmak için çok erken olduğunu söylüyorlar, çünkü henüz basım harfleri parçasının herhangi bir bilimsel analizi yapılmadı. Inter-Kore Tarihçi Derneği Yetkilileri, Kuzey ile işbirliği içinde önümüzdeki günlerde çeşitli testler yapmayı planladıklarını söyledi.
Hareketli harf, 1 haziran 30 kasım tarihleri arasında yapılan kazı çalışmalarının son aşamasında Manwoldae'de bulunan 3.500 eser arasında yer alıyor. Kazılar 2007 yılında başladı ve Güney'in Inter-Kore Tarihçisi Derneği ve Kuzey'in Halk Uzlaşma Konseyi tarafından birlikte yürütülüyor. Bugüne kadar yapılan kazı çalışmaları yedi tur oldu. Önceki turlar genellikle iki ay devam ederken, son yapılan tur altı aydan uzun sürdü.
KHJ-Kolik
What may be oldest movable type discovered at Kaesong site?
South and North Korean archaeologists discovered what may be movable metal type made before 1361 at the site of a royal palace from the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) in what is today Kaesong, North Korea.
If the type is indeed from that era, it precedes the Gutenberg Bible - the first book printed in Western Europe using movable metal type - by more than a century. The Gutenberg Bible was printed in 1455.
It would be the third example of Goryeo-era metal type found in the Korean Peninsula.
Although there are historical records that movable type was being used in Korea beginning in the early 1200s, there are only two pieces of Goryeo-era movable type in South and North Korea - one in Pyongyang’s Chosun Central Historical Museum and the other in the Seoul’s National Museum of Korea.
And while there is one surviving volume of “Jikji Simche Yojeol,” a book containing the essentials of Zen Buddhism printed in Korea in 1377 and the oldest extant book printed using movable metal type, the type used to print the book has not been found.
Announcing on Monday the results of the six-month archaeological exploration at the site of the royal palace in Kaesong - known as Manwoldae - the Inter-Korean Historian Association said it found the movable type on Nov. 14.
“Based on reviews by experts, we believe the movable type is indeed from the Goryeo period,” Choe Kwang-shik, the head of the association, told reporters. “And given that Manwoldae was destroyed in 1361, we think chances are high that the piece is from before that year.”
The association added that the movable type - 1.36 centimeters (0.54 inches) wide, 1.3 centimeters long and 0.6 centimeters thick - displays a sophisticated calligraphy style and advanced casting technology, compared with the previously discovered pieces of type.
Based on this, Korean scholars believe that the movable type found at Manwoldae was most likely part of a project led by the royal court of the Goryeo Dynasty. The printing of “Jikji Simche Yojeol,” on the other hand, was led by the Buddhist leadership.
The association also emphasized that the piece of type is the only one that was found during an excavation.
The one in Pyongyang was found rather accidentally by the North in 1956 while restoring Manwoldae, which was damaged during the 1950-53 Korean War. The one in Seoul is believed to have been owned by the last descendants of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), who bought it from a Japanese antique dealer.
However, since there has not yet been any scientific analysis of the piece of type, some say it’s too early to conclude it’s from the Goryeo Dynasty. Officials from the Inter-Korean Historian Association said they plan to conduct various tests in the coming days in cooperation with the North.
The type is among some 3,500 relics found at Manwoldae during the latest round of excavation held from June 1 to Nov. 30. The joint excavation began in 2007 and is being led by the South’s Inter-Korean Historian Association and the North’s People’s Reconciliation Council. There have so far been seven rounds of excavations. The latest one lasted the longest, at six months, while the previous rounds usually went on for two months.
Koreajoongangdaily
South and North Korean archaeologists discovered what may be movable metal type made before 1361 at the site of a royal palace from the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) in what is today Kaesong, North Korea.
If the type is indeed from that era, it precedes the Gutenberg Bible - the first book printed in Western Europe using movable metal type - by more than a century. The Gutenberg Bible was printed in 1455.
It would be the third example of Goryeo-era metal type found in the Korean Peninsula.
Although there are historical records that movable type was being used in Korea beginning in the early 1200s, there are only two pieces of Goryeo-era movable type in South and North Korea - one in Pyongyang’s Chosun Central Historical Museum and the other in the Seoul’s National Museum of Korea.
And while there is one surviving volume of “Jikji Simche Yojeol,” a book containing the essentials of Zen Buddhism printed in Korea in 1377 and the oldest extant book printed using movable metal type, the type used to print the book has not been found.
Announcing on Monday the results of the six-month archaeological exploration at the site of the royal palace in Kaesong - known as Manwoldae - the Inter-Korean Historian Association said it found the movable type on Nov. 14.
“Based on reviews by experts, we believe the movable type is indeed from the Goryeo period,” Choe Kwang-shik, the head of the association, told reporters. “And given that Manwoldae was destroyed in 1361, we think chances are high that the piece is from before that year.”
The association added that the movable type - 1.36 centimeters (0.54 inches) wide, 1.3 centimeters long and 0.6 centimeters thick - displays a sophisticated calligraphy style and advanced casting technology, compared with the previously discovered pieces of type.
Based on this, Korean scholars believe that the movable type found at Manwoldae was most likely part of a project led by the royal court of the Goryeo Dynasty. The printing of “Jikji Simche Yojeol,” on the other hand, was led by the Buddhist leadership.
The association also emphasized that the piece of type is the only one that was found during an excavation.
The one in Pyongyang was found rather accidentally by the North in 1956 while restoring Manwoldae, which was damaged during the 1950-53 Korean War. The one in Seoul is believed to have been owned by the last descendants of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), who bought it from a Japanese antique dealer.
However, since there has not yet been any scientific analysis of the piece of type, some say it’s too early to conclude it’s from the Goryeo Dynasty. Officials from the Inter-Korean Historian Association said they plan to conduct various tests in the coming days in cooperation with the North.
The type is among some 3,500 relics found at Manwoldae during the latest round of excavation held from June 1 to Nov. 30. The joint excavation began in 2007 and is being led by the South’s Inter-Korean Historian Association and the North’s People’s Reconciliation Council. There have so far been seven rounds of excavations. The latest one lasted the longest, at six months, while the previous rounds usually went on for two months.
Koreajoongangdaily
