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**Wando** · (Son Düzenleme: 06-05-2012, Saat: 1:02, Düzenleyen: Wando.)

Joseon Tongsinsa (조선통신사)

Joseon Tongsilsa, Joseon Hanedanligi tarafindan Japonya'ya belirli araliklarla gönderilen iyiniyet elçileridir. Korece ismi, diplomatik heyetin belirli bir sekli ile elçilerin baskanlarini bir tutmaktadir. Joseon diplomatik perspektifinden bakildiginda kurulun resmi tanimi tongsinsa yani büyük ölçüde "normallestirme" anlamina gelmekteydi.

Diplomatik elçiler, 1392 ile 1590 yillari arasinda Muromachi sogunluguna ve Toyotomi Hideyoshi'ye gönderildiler. Benzer kurullar Japonya'daki Tokugawa sogunluguna 1607 ile 1811 yillari arasinda gittiler.

TARIHI

1392'nin baslangiciyla birçok diplomatik kurul Joseon sarayi tarafindan Japonya'ya gönderildi. Sayisi 70'ten az olmayan elçiler Kyoto ve Osaka'ya Japonya'nin Edo döneminin baslangicindan önce yollandilar. Kore'den Japonya'ya seri halinde gelen resmi heyetler önemli meselelerle ilgilendiler ve olaylar yazilip kaydedildi.

Korece'de tongsinsa olarak adlandirilan en büyük resmi diplomatik heyetler Joseon sarayi tarafindan Japonya'ya gönderildiler. Tongsinsa terimi, Joseon-Japon ortak temas ve irtibatin saglandigi uluslararasi iliskiler olarak degil de; tek yanli iliskilerin uygulamasi olarak ifade edildigi için muhtemelen suistimal edilmisti. 16. yüzyilin sonlarina kadar "teblig elçileri" diger bir ifadeyle tongsinsa olarak adlandirilan dört elçilik 1428, 1439, 1443 ve 1590'da Japonya'ya gitti. 1607'den sonra dokuz tongsinsa kurulu 1811'e kadar Japonya'ya gönderildi.

Bu diplomatik degisimin tek örnegi Çinlilerin olusturdugu sistemden alinmis; fakat önceden kararlastirilmis Çin ya da Çin'in dünya düzeniyle hiçbir iliskisi yoktu.

Japon tarihindeki Edo döneminde, bu diplomatik heyetler Japonya'nin bakufu (Tokugawa sogunlugu)'yu mesrulastirma propagandasindan istifade ederek Edo'yu uluslararasi düzenin merkezinde Japonya'nin ideal bakis açisinin ortaya çikisini anahtar öge olarak yorumluyordu.

Japonya'nin Kore yarimadasini istilasindan (1582-1598) sonra, yeni bir asamada diplomatik iliskiler basladi. Joseon Sarayi Toyotomi'nin Sekigahara Savasi'nda yenilgi haberini aldiktan kisa bir süre sonra 1600'de resmi elçilikler öngörüsmelere basladi.

Diplomatik iliskilerin yeniden kurulmasi gelecekteki ilerlemenin ciddiyeti sürecinde ilk jest bazi Joseon esirleri Tsushima Adasi'nda serbest birakilmasiydi. Buna karsilik Yu jeong detaylari arastirmak üzere himayesinde bulunan küçük ulak gruplari Kyoto'ya gönderdi. Sô Yoshitomo'nun yardimiyla Kyoto'daki Fushimi Kalesi'nde Tokugawa Ieyasu ile resmi bir görüsme ayarlandi. 1604'te, Yu Jeong gelisen temaslarda Tokugawa sogununun 1,390 savas esirini serbest birakarak karsilik vermesiyle Joseon'un menfaatini korumustur.

15.-16. YÜZYIL DIPLOMATIK GIRISIMLER
15. ve 16. yüzyillarda Joseon sarayi "teblig elçileri" ya da tongsinsa olarak tanimladigi büyük çapli diplomatik heyetleri 1428, 1439, 1443 ve 1590'da Japonya'ya gönderdi.

Japonya'daki Muromachi (1336-1573) ile Azuchi-Momoyama (1568-1603) dönemlerinde Joseon-Japon diplomatik temaslari önemli olaylar olarak kabul edildi.

Yil: 1428
Kore Krali: Sejong
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Bak Seo-saeng
Japon Sogunu: Ashikaga Yoshinori
Resmi Amaç: Yoshimochi'nin ölümüne bassagligi dileme, yerini alan Yoshinori'nin tebrik edilmesi.

Yil: 1439
Kore Krali: Sejong
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Go-Deuk-jong
Japon Sogunu: Ashikaga Yoshinori
Resmi Amaç: Dostane iliskiler, waegu (wakô / korsan akinlari) bastirilmasi.

Yil: 1443
Kore Krali: Sejong
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Byeon Hyo-mun
Japon Sogunu: Ashikaga Yoshimasa
Resmi Amaç: Yoshinori'nin ölümüne bassagligi dileme, yerini alan Yoshikatsu'nun tebrik edilmesi.

Yil: 1590
Kore Krali: Seonjo
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Hwang Yun-gil
Japon Sogunu: Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Resmi Amaç: Hideyoshi'nin Japonya'yi birlestirmesinin tebrik edilmesi.

HIDEYOSHI'NIN AKINLARI
Japon ordularinin Joseon topraklarini 1592'de istila etmesiyle diplomasi bozulmustu. Iki tarafli kopan bu iliskiler Hideyoshi'nin 1598'de ölmesinin hemen ardindan düzelmedi; fakat istila ordusu Kore yarimadasinda isgal edilen topraklar üzerinden yavas yavas çekiliyordu.

17.-19. YÜZYIL DIPLOMATIK GIRISIMLER
17., 18. ve 19. yüzyillarda Joseon hükümdarlari Japonya'ya on iki büyük heyet gönderdiler; fakat hiçbirisi "tongsinsa" elçileri olarak yorumlanmadi. Elçilikler 400 ila 500 temsilciden olusmaktaydi ve bu kurullar tartismali sekilde Japonya ile siyasi ve kültürel gelisimde katkida bulunmalarinin yaninda ikili iliskilerin derecesi de degisti.

1607, 1617 ve 1624 heyetleri, Joseon sarayi tarafindan açik bir biçimde "Karsilik ve Suçlu Iadesi Elçileri" olarak tongsinsa'dan (teblig elçisi) daha düsük resmiyetteki heyetler olarak tanimlandi. Tongsinsa teriminin kullanimi iliskilerin "normallestirilmesi" anlamina gelmekteydi.

Japonya'da Edo döneminde (1603-1868), Joseon-Japon diplomatik iliskileri 1811 heyeti disinda önemli olaylar olarak degerlendirildi. Joseon hükümdarinin elçisi ve heyeti Tsushima'ya kadar yolculuk yaptilar. Sogun Ienari'nin temsilcileri heyeti Kore yarimadasi ile Kyushu arasindaki Kore Bogazi'nin ortasinda kalan bir adada karsiladilar.

Yil: 1636
Kore Krali: Injo
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Im Gwang
Japon Sogunu: Tokugawa Iemitsu
Resmi Amaç: Refahin tebrik edilmesi.

Yil: 1643
Kore Krali: Injo
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Yun Sunji
Japon Sogunu: Tokugawa Iemitsu
Resmi Amaç: Sogun Iemitsu'nun dogum gününün tebrik edilmesi.

Yil: 1655
Kore Krali: Hyojong
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Jo Hyeong
Japon Sogunu: Tokugawa Ietsuna
Resmi Amaç: Sogun Ietsuna'nin yerine geçisinin tebrik edilmesi.

Yil: 1682
Kore Krali: Sukjong
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Yun Jiwan
Japon Sogunu: Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Resmi Amaç: Sogun Tsunayoshi'nin yerine geçisinin tebrik edilmesi.

Yil: 1711
Kore Krali: Sukjong
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Jo Tae-eok
Japon Sogunu: Tokugawa Ienobu
Resmi Amaç: Sogun Ienobu'nun yerine geçisinin tebrik edilmesi.

Yil: 1719
Kore Krali: Sukjong
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Hong Chi-jung
Japon Sogunu: Tokugawa Yoshimune
Resmi Amaç: Sogun Yoshimune'nin yerine geçisinin tebrik edilmesi.

Yil: 1748
Kore Krali: Yeongjo
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Hong Gye-hui
Japon Sogunu: Tokugawa Ieshige
Resmi Amaç: Sogun Ieshige'nin yerine geçisinin tebrik edilmesi.

Yil: 1764
Kore Krali: Yeongjo
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Jo Eom
Japon Sogunu: Tokugawa Ieharu
Resmi Amaç: Sogun Ieharu'nun yerine geçisinin tebrik edilmesi.

Yil: 1811*
Kore Krali: Sunjo
Joseon Bas Elçisi: Kim Igyo
Japon Sogunu: Tokugawa Ienari
Resmi Amaç: Sogun Ienari'nin yerine geçisinin tebrik edilmesi.

*1811 elçilik görevi; heyetin Tsushima'ya kadar gidemeyip sogunlugun temsilcileri tarafindan karsilanmasi sebebiyle tamamlanamamistir.

Kaynak / Source

English
Joseon Tongsinsa (조선통신사)
The Joseon Tongsinsa were goodwill missions sent intermittently by Joseon Dynasty Korea to Japan. The Korean noun identifies a specific type of diplomatic delegation and its chief envoys. From the Joseon diplomatic perspective, the formal description of a mission as a tongsinsa signified that relations were largely "normalized."

Diplomatic envoys were sent to the Muromachi shogunate and to Toyotomi Hideyoshi between 1392 and 1590. Similar missions were dispatched to the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan between 1607 and 1811.

HISTORY
Starting in 1392, many diplomatic missions were sent from the Joseon court to Japan. Not less than 70 envoys were dispatched to Kyoto and Osaka before the beginning of Japan's Edo period. The formal arrival of serial missions from Korea to Japan were considered important affairs; and these events were widely noted and recorded.

Only the largest formal diplomatic missions sent by the Joseon court to Japan were called tongsinsa in Korean. The term tongsinsa may be misused to refer to the practice of unilateral relations, not the international relations of mutual Joseon-Japanese contacts and communication. Up through the end of the 16th century, four embassies to Japan were called "communication envoys" or tongsinsa -- in 1428, 1439, 1443 and 1590. After 1607, nine tonsingsa missions were sent to Japan up through 1811.

The unique pattern of these diplomatic exchanges evolved from models established by the Chinese, but without denoting any predetermined relationship to China or to the Chinese world order.

In the Edo period of Japanese history, these diplomatic missions were construed as benefiting the Japanese as legitimizing propaganda for the bakufu (Tokugawa shogunate) and as a key element in an emerging manifestation of Japan's ideal vision of the structure of an international order with Edo as its center.

After the Japanese invasion of the Korean peninsula (1582-1598), a new phase of diplomatic relations began. The formal embassies were preceded by preliminary negotiations which began in 1600, shortly after news of the Toyotomi defeat at the Battle of Sekigahara was received by the Joseon Court.

As an initial gesture in a process of re-establishing diplomatic relations and as an earnest of future progress, some Joseon prisoners were released at Tsushima Island. In response, a small group of messengers under the leadership of Yu jeong were sent to Kyoto to investigate further. With the assistance of Sō Yoshitomo, an audience with Tokugawa Ieyasu was arranged at Fushimi Castle in Kyoto. In 1604, Yu jeong confirmed the Joseon interest in developing further contacts; and the Tokugawa shogun reciprocated by releasing 1,390 prisoners-of-war.

15TH-16TH CENTURY DIPLOMATIC VENTURES
In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Joseon court labeled four large-scale diplomatic missions to Japan as "communication envoys" or tongsinsa -- in 1428, 1439, 1443 and 1590.

In Japan's Muromachi period (1336-1573) and Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568-1603), these Joseon-Japanese diplomatic contacts were considered important events.

Year: 1428
Korean Monarch: Sejong
Joseon Chief Envoy: Bak Seo-saeng
Japanese Shogun: Ashikaga Yoshinori
Official Purpose: Condolences on the death of Yoshimochi, Congratulations on the succession of Yoshinori.

Year: 1439
Korean Monarch: Sejong
Joseon Chief Envoy: Go Deuk-jong
Japanese Shogun: Ashikaga Yoshinori
Official Purpose: Neighborly relations, suppression of the waegu (wakō).

Year: 1443
Korean Monarch: Sejong
Joseon Chief Envoy: Byeon Hyo-mun
Japanese Shogun: Ashikaga Yoshimasa
Official Purpose: Condolences on the death of Yoshinori, congratulations on the succession of Yoshikatsu.

Year: 1590
Korean Monarch: Seonjo
Joseon Chief Envoy: Hwang Yun-gil
Japanese Shogun: Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Official Purpose: Congratulations on the unification of Hideyoshi.

HIDEYOSHI'S INVASIONS
Diplomacy was set aside in 1592 when Japanese armies invaded Joseon territory. The ruptured bilateral relations were not restored immediately after the death of Hideyoshi in 1598; but the invading forces gradually withdrew from occupied land on the Korean peninsula.

17TH-19TH CENTURY DIPLOMATIC VENTURES
In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, the Joseon leaders sent twelve large-scale delegations to Japan, but not all were construed as "tongsinsa" envoys. The embassies consisted of 400 to 500 delegates; and these missions arguably contributed to the political and cultural development of Japan in addition to the range of ways in which bi-lateral relations were affected.

The 1607, 1617 and 1624 delegations were explicitly identified by the Joseon court as "Reply and Prisoner Repatriation Envoys," which were construed as less formal than a tongsinsa or "communication envoy." The use of the term "tongsinsa" signified that relations had been "normalized;"

In Japan's Edo period (1603-1868), the Joseon-Japanese diplomatic contacts were considered significant events, with the exception of the 1811 delegation. The Joseon monarch's ambassador and retinue traveled only as far as Tsushima. The representatives of Shogun Ienari met the mission on the island which is located in the middle of the Korea Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Kyushu.

Year: 1636
Korean Monarch: Injo
Joseon Chief Envoy: Im Gwang
Japanese Shogun: Tokugawa Iemitsu
Official Purpose: Celebrating prosperity.

Year: 1643
Korean Monarch: Injo
Joseon Chief Envoy: Yun Sunji
Japanese Shogun: Tokugawa Iemitsu
Official Purpose: Celebrating birthday of Shogun Iemitsu.

Year: 1655
Korean Monarch: Hyojong
Joseon Chief Envoy: Jo Hyeong
Japanese Shogun: Tokugawa Ietsuna
Official Purpose: Congratulations on succession of Shogun Ietsuna.

Year: 1682
Korean Monarch: Sukjong
Joseon Chief Envoy: Yun Jiwan
Japanese Shogun: Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Official Purpose: Congratulations on succession of Shogun Tsunayoshi.

Year: 1711
Korean Monarch: Sukjong
Joseon Chief Envoy: Jo Tae-eok
Japanese Shogun: Tokugawa Ienobu
Official Purpose: Congratulations on succession of Shogun Ienobu.

Year: 1719
Korean Monarch: Sukjong
Joseon Chief Envoy: Hong Chi-jung
Japanese Shogun: Tokugawa Yoshimune
Official Purpose: Congratulations on succession of Shogun Yoshimune.

Year: 1748
Korean Monarch: Yeongjo
Joseon Chief Envoy: Hong Gye-hui
Japanese Shogun: Tokugawa Ieshige
Official Purpose: Congratulations on succession of Shogun Ieshige.

Year: 1764
Korean Monarch: Yeongjo
Joseon Chief Envoy: Jo Eom
Japanese Shogun: Tokugawa Ieharu
Official Purpose: Congratulations on succession of Shogun Ieharu.

Year: 1811*
Korean Monarch: Sunjo
Joseon Chief Envoy: Kim Igyo
Japanese Shogun: Tokugawa Ienari
Official Purpose: Congratulations on succession of Shogun Ienari.

*The 1811 tongsinsa was incomplete; the delegation did not travel beyond Tsushima, where the Joseon envoys were met by representatives of the shogunate.